Beyond the Map || Timeline

	10,000 - 11,000 BCE Nomadic peoples cross the Bering Land Bridge and enter North America
	8,000 BCE Early North Americans begin to explore and settle the Pacific Northwest
	c. 2500 BCE Polynesians explore the South Pacific, charting islands and other features
	c. 2400 BCE Ancient Egyptians record their expeditions of exploration
	c. 700 BCE Egyptian Pharaoh Necho commissions sailors to sail around Africa
	499 Chinese Buddhist explorer Hui Shen returns from journey to "Fusang"
	c. 1271 - 1294 Marco Polo travels and works in the Mongol Empire
	1325 Abu ’Abdallah Ibn Battuta sets off on the Hajj, the Muslim pilgrimage, which leads to 30 years of exploration in the Near and Middle East, Africa, Asia and Southeast Asia
	1419 Prince Henry the Navigator establishes a navigational school in Sagres, Portugal
	1421 Chinese Admiral Zhou Man reportedly embarks for the South Pacific
	1460 The mariner’s astrolabe becomes a popular navigational tool
	1492 Christopher Columbus reaches North America
	1494 The Treaty of Tordesillas divides the “New World” between Spain and Portugal
	1497 Giovanni Caboto, sailing for England under the name John Cabot, seeks a northern trade passage along the east coast of Canada
	1497 - 1498 Vasco da Gama sails around Africa
	1521 Ferdinand Magellan dies in the Philippines during what is thought to be the first global circumnavigation
	1542 Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo makes Spain’s northernmost landing at Santa Barbara, California
	1576 Martin Frobisher sails from Elizabethan England for the Arctic
	1577 Sir Francis Drake embarks on global circumnavigation
	1588 Lorenzo Ferrer Maldonado claims to sail through the Strait of Anian
	1590 John Davis invents the backstaff to measure latitude for navigational purposes
	1592 Juan de Fuca claims to sail through the Strait of Anian
	1607 Henry Hudson begins his Arctic exploration
	1609 Galileo introduces telescopes to the science of astronomy
	1640 Japan closes itself to foreign trade, with the exception of the Dutch East India Company
	1670 The Hudson’s Bay Company forms
	1675 Charles II of England orders the construction of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich
	1714 The British Parliament offers a Ł20,000 prize to anyone who can find a method of measuring longitude; the Board of Longitude is established to judge and award the prize
	1724 Peter the Great establishes the Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts in St. Petersburg
	1725 - 1730 Bering and Chirikov lead the First Kamchatka Expedition for Russia
	1730 Two independent inventors, one in Britain and one in the American colonies, develop the octant
	1733 - 1743 The Second Kamchatka Expedition, which begins under Bering and Chirikov, explores the North Pacific
	1742 Captain Bering dies of scurvy while on expedition in the Arctic
	1748 The British Royal Navy issues the first standard uniform for officers
	1749 Russians begin large-scale sea otter hunting in the Pacific
	1752 French geographers Delisle and Buache publish a map with Gama Land and other mythical geographical features
	1756 Health regulations for the British Royal Navy state that ventilators must circulate fresh air below deck
	1756 - 1763 The Seven Years War is fought in Europe and North America between France and Britain. Spain and Prussia are also involved
	1759 The hand-held sextant is developed with mirrors to take navigational sightings
	1763 Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne publishes his tables in the British Mariner’s Guide
	1768 Cook leads his first expedition to the Southern Hemisphere
	1768 The Spanish naval base of San Blas is established on Mexico’s Pacific coast
	1770 - 1772 Samuel Hearne seeks an east-west river route across North America for the Hudson’s Bay Company
	1772 Cook leads his second "Voyage of Discovery"
	1773 John Harrison’s chronometer is recognized as the winner of the British Parliamentary contest to find a method of measuring longitude
	1774 Spanish explorer Juan Perez reaches 58 degrees North latitude
	1775 Bodega y Quadra departs San Blas for his first voyage to the Pacific Northwest
	1776 The American colonies sign the Declaration of Independence to outline their reasons for ending the colonial relationship with Britain. The Revolutionary War follows
	1776 - 1778 Cook commands his expedition to the Pacific Northwest
	1779 Cook is killed in Hawaii on February 14
	1779 Bodega y Quadra reaches the Pacific Northwest for the second time
	1779 Captain Gore takes command of the Cook expedition after Cook’s death and sails to Macao
	1782 "The first of several epidemics of smallpox, a disease introduced by Europeans, hits the Coast Salish people
	1783 The North West Company forms
	1784 A Russian colony is established on Kodiak Island
	1784 The British Admiralty publishes a three-volume set of Captain Cook’s journals with an atlas of his travels, titled A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean
	1785 The King George’s Sound Company forms to trade in the pacific Northwest
	1787 Francis Barkley is the first European woman to reach the Pacific Northwest; Captain Barkley and his wife name the Strait of Juan de Fuca
	1787 French Captain Jean-François De Galaup, known as La Pérouse, explores the Pacific Northwest on behalf of King Louis XVI
	1788 Publication of legend of Lorenzo Ferrer Maldonado in Madrid inspires Malaspina’s expedition to disprove the Northwest Passage
	1789 The Spanish erect a fortified outpost at Nootka Sound
	1789 The Nootka Crisis is sparked by the Spanish seizure of three British ships at Nootka Sound
	1789 The French people revolt against the monarchy during the French Revolution
	1789 Alexander Mackenzie follows the Mackenzie River to the Arctic Ocean
	1789 Haida leader “Taglus” Cuneah exchanges names with trader Captain Douglas
	1789 -1794 Malaspina commands an expedition that sails to the Pacific Northwest
	1790 The Nootka Convention is drafted in Europe to end the Nootka Crisis
	1791 - 1795 The Vancouver expedition surveys in the Pacific Northwest
	1792 Captain Bodega y Quadra and Captain Vancouver engage in diplomatic discussions regarding the Nootka Convention
	1792 Galiano and Valdés of Spain and Vancouver of Britain jointly circumnavigate Vancouver Island for the first time
	1792 Captain Gray sails to the mouth of the Columbia River
	1792 Captain Bodega y Quadra and Captain Vancouver are invited to a Nuu-chah-nulth potlatch
	1793 Mozińo records the devastation of venereal disease spread by sailors to the Mowachat in Noticias de Nutka
	1792 - 1793 Alexander undertakes a second expedition, following several rivers to the Pacific Ocean
	1793 Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Pacific coast and writes his name and the date in vermilion and grease upon a large rock
	1795 The British establish the British Admiralty Hydrographic Office
	1796 Captain Malaspina is imprisoned for his political writings
	1798 John Vancouver publishes the work of his deceased brother Captain James Vancouver under the title Voyage of Discovery
	1801 The journals of Alexander Mackenzie are published
	1802 The journals of Galiano are published
	1804 Alexander Mackenzie is elected to the House of Assembly of Lower Canada
	1804 - 1806 The Lewis and Clark Expedition travels overland to the Pacific Ocean
	1805 The Lewis and Clark expedition spends Christmas at Fort Clatsop on the Pacific, where they exchange gifts of tobacco and handkerchiefs
	1805 Galiano and Valdés fight in the Battle of Trafalgar; Galiano is killed in battle
	1846 The Oregon Treaty establishes the 49th parallel as the border between the American and British territories
	1848 The British North America Act creates an official British colony along the Pacific
	1849 Vancouver Island is made a British colony
	1867 Russia sells the state of Alaska to the United States
	1869 The Suez Canal creates a passage between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea
	1900 Less than 2000 sea otters remain in the Pacific Northwest due to the fur trade
	1903 - 1906 Roald Amundsen of Norway navigates the Northwest Passage
	1911 International agreement protects wild sea otters
	1914 The Panama Canal creates a passage between the Atlantic and the Pacific
	1940 - 1942 The St. Roche crosses the Arctic via a Northwest Passage
	1947 Tor Heyerdahl sails the Kon-Tiki from Peru to Polynesia
	1957 The Russian space programme launches an aluminum scientific satellite called Sputnik 01
	1969 Sea otters are re-introduced to Vancouver Island and other areas of the Pacific Northwest
	1970 Tor Heyerdahl sails the reed ship RA II from Morocco to Barbados
	1970 The British Royal Navy ends the practice of giving a daily “tot” or rum ration
	1991 Archaeologists find the remains of Captain Bering and reconstruct his face based on skeletal details